Electroweak and left-right phase transitions in SO(5)×U(1)×SU(3) gauge-Higgs unification

AbstraktAbstract

The electroweak phase transition in grand unified theory inspired SO(5) x U(1) x SU(3) gauge-Higgs unification is shown to be weakly first order and occurs at T = T-c(EW) similar to 163 GeV, which is very similar to the behavior in the standard model in perturbation theory. A new phase appears at higher temperatures. SU(2)(L) x U(1)(Y) (theta(H) = 0) and SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') (theta(H) = pi) phases become almost degenerate above T similar to m(KK) where m(KK) is the Kaluza-Klein mass scale (typically around 13 TeV) and theta(H) is the Aharonov- Bohm phase along the fifth dimension. The two phases become degenerate at T = T-c(LR) similar to m(KK). As the temperature drops in the evolution of the early Universe the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase becomes unstable. The tunneling rate from the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase to the SU(2)(L) x U(1)(Y)( )phase becomes sizable and a first-order phase transition takes place at T = 2.5-2.6 TeV. The amount of gravitational waves produced in this left-right phase transition is small, far below the reach of the sensitivity of LISA. A detailed analysis of the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase is also given. It is shown that the W boson, Z boson and photon, with theta(H) varying from 0 to pi, are transformed to gauge bosons in the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase. Gauge couplings and wave functions of quarks, leptons, and dark fermions in the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase are determined.

The electroweak phase transition in grand unified theory inspired SO(5) x U(1) x SU(3) gauge-Higgs unification is shown to be weakly first order and occurs at T = T-c(EW) similar to 163 GeV, which is very similar to the behavior in the standard model in perturbation theory. A new phase appears at higher temperatures. SU(2)(L) x U(1)(Y) (theta(H) = 0) and SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') (theta(H) = pi) phases become almost degenerate above T similar to m(KK) where m(KK) is the Kaluza-Klein mass scale (typically around 13 TeV) and theta(H) is the Aharonov- Bohm phase along the fifth dimension. The two phases become degenerate at T = T-c(LR) similar to m(KK). As the temperature drops in the evolution of the early Universe the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase becomes unstable. The tunneling rate from the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase to the SU(2)(L) x U(1)(Y)( )phase becomes sizable and a first-order phase transition takes place at T = 2.5-2.6 TeV. The amount of gravitational waves produced in this left-right phase transition is small, far below the reach of the sensitivity of LISA. A detailed analysis of the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase is also given. It is shown that the W boson, Z boson and photon, with theta(H) varying from 0 to pi, are transformed to gauge bosons in the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase. Gauge couplings and wave functions of quarks, leptons, and dark fermions in the SU(2)(R) x U(1)(Y') phase are determined.